Publications

Published & Accepted Papers

To appear

1. Generalized S^1-stability theorem

   Tongrui Wang, and Xuan Yao

   To appear in Journal of Topology and Analysis

   Abs arXiv

   We use the equivariant μ-bubbles technique to prove that for any compact manifold M^n with non-empty boundary, n∈{3,5,6}, the Yamabe invariant of M^n is positive if and only if the Yamabe invariant of M^n\times S^1 is positive. This generalized the S^1-stability conjecture of Rosenberg to compact manifolds with boundary.

2. Min-max theory for free boundary minimal hypersurfaces in locally wedge-shaped manifolds

   Liam Mazurowski, and Tongrui Wang

   To appear in Peking Mathematical Journal

   Abs arXiv

   We develop a min-max theory for the area functional in the class of locally wedge-shaped manifolds. Roughly speaking, a locally wedge-shaped manifold is a Riemannian manifold that is allowed to have both boundary and certain types of edges. Fix a dimension 3 \le n+1 \le 6. As our main theorem, we prove that every compact locally wedge-shaped manifold M^n+1 with acute wedge angles contains a locally wedge-shaped free boundary minimal hypersurface Σ^n which is smooth in its interior and on its faces and is C^2,α up to and including its edge. We can also handle the case of 90 degree wedge angles under an additional assumption.

2026

1. On the topology of manifolds with positive intermediate curvature

   Liam Mazurowski, Tongrui Wang, and Xuan Yao

   Advances in Mathematics, 2026

   Abs arXiv HTML

   We formulate a conjecture relating the topology of a manifold’s universal cover with the existence of metrics with positive m-intermediate curvature. We prove the result for manifolds of dimension n∈{3,4,5} and for most choices of m when n=6. As a corollary, we show that a closed, aspherical 6-manifold cannot admit a metric with positive 4-intermediate curvature.

2025

1. Generic density of equivariant min-max hypersurfaces

   Tongrui Wang

   J. Funct. Anal., 2025

   Abs arXiv HTML

   For a compact Riemannian manifold M^n+1 acted isometrically on by a compact Lie group G with cohomogeneity \rm Cohom(G)≥2, we show the Weyl asymptotic law for the G-equivariant volume spectrum. As an application, we show in the C^\infty_G-generic sense with a certain dimension assumption that the union of min-max minimal G-hypersurfaces (with free boundary) is dense in M, whose boundaries’ union is also dense in \bd M.

1. Minimal surfaces with low genus in lens spaces

   Xingzhe Li, Tongrui Wang, and Xuan Yao

   Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelle’s Journal), 2025

   Abs arXiv HTML

   Given a Riemannian \mathbbRP^3 with a bumpy metric or a metric of positive Ricci curvature, we show that there either exist four distinct minimal real projective planes, or exist one minimal real projective plane together with two distinct minimal 2-spheres. Moreover, using the same strategy, we show that in the lens space L(4m,2m\pm1), m\ge1, with a bumpy metric or a metric of positive Ricci curvature, there either exist N(m) distinct minimal Klein bottles, or exist one minimal Klein bottle and three distinct minimal 2-spheres.

2024

1. Curvature estimates for stable free boundary minimal hypersurfaces in locally wedge-shaped manifolds

   Liam Mazurowski, and Tongrui Wang

   Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN, 2024

   Abs arXiv HTML

   In this paper, we consider locally wedge-shaped manifolds, which are Riemannian manifolds that are allowed to have both boundary and certain types of edges. We define and study the properties of free boundary minimal hypersurfaces inside locally wedge-shaped manifolds. In particular, we show a compactness theorem for free boundary minimal hypersurfaces with curvature and area bounds in a locally wedge-shaped manifold. Additionally, using Schoen-Simon-Yau’s estimates, we also prove a Bernstein-type theorem indicating that, under certain conditions, a stable free boundary minimal hypersurface inside a Euclidean wedge must be a portion of a hyperplane. As our main application, we establish a curvature estimate for sufficiently regular free boundary minimal hypersurfaces in a locally wedge-shaped manifold. We expect this curvature estimate will be useful for establishing a min-max theory for the area functional in wedge-shaped spaces.

2. Equivariant min-max hypersurface in G-manifolds with positive Ricci curvature

   Tongrui Wang

   Pacific J. Math., 2024

   Abs arXiv HTML

   In this paper, we consider a connected orientable closed Riemannian manifold M^n+1 with positive Ricci curvature. Suppose $G is a compact Lie group acting by isometries on M with 3≤codim(G⋅p)≤7 for all p∈M. Then we show the equivariant min-max G-hypersurface Σcorresponding to the fundamental class [M] is a multiplicity one minimal G-hypersurface with a G-invariant unit normal and G-equivariant index one. As an application, we are able to establish a genus bound for Σ, a control on the singular points of Σ/G, and an upper bound for the (first) G-width of M provided n+1=3 and the actions of G$ are orientation preserving.

2023

1. Min-max theory for free boundary G-invariant minimal hypersurfaces

   Tongrui Wang

   Advances in Mathematics, 2023

   Abs arXiv HTML

   Given a compact Riemannian manifold M^n+1 with dimension 3≤n+1≤7 and ∂M≠\emptyset, the free boundary min-max theory built by Li-Zhou shows the existence of a smooth almost properly embedded minimal hypersurface with free boundary in M. In this paper, we generalize their constructions into equivariant settings. Specifically, let G be a compact Lie group acting as isometries on M with cohomogeneity at least 3. Then there exists a nontrivial smooth almost properly embedded free boundary G-invariant minimal hypersurface. Moreover, if the Ricci curvature of M is non-negative and ∂M is strictly convex, then there exist infinitely many properly embedded G-invariant minimal hypersurfaces with free boundary.

2. Equivariant Morse index of min-max G -invariant minimal hypersurfaces

   Tongrui Wang

   Mathematische Annalen, 2023

   Abs arXiv HTML

   For a closed Riemannian manifold $M^n+1 with a compact Lie group G acting as isometries, the equivariant min–max theory gives the existence and the potential abundance of minimal G-invariant hypersurfaces provided 3\le \textrmcodim(G⋅p) \le 7 for all p∈M. In this paper, we show a compactness theorem for these min–max minimal G-hypersurfaces and construct a G-invariant Jacobi field on the limit. Combining with an equivariant bumpy metrics theorem, we obtain a C^∞_G-generic finiteness result for min–max G-hypersurfaces with area uniformly bounded. As a main application, we further generalize the Morse index estimates for min–max minimal hypersurfaces to the equivariant setting. Namely, the closed G-invariant minimal hypersurface Σ⊂M constructed by the equivariant min–max on a k-dimensional homotopy class can be chosen to satisfy \textrmIndex_G(Σ)\le k$.

2022

1. Min–Max Theory for G-Invariant Minimal Hypersurfaces

   Tongrui Wang

   The Journal of Geometric Analysis, 2022

   Abs arXiv HTML

   In this paper, we consider a closed Riemannian manifold M^n+1 with dimension 3≤n+1≤7, and a compact Lie group G acting as isometries on M with cohomogeneity at least 3. After adapting the Almgren–Pitts min–max theory to a G-equivariant version, we show the existence of a non-trivial closed smooth embedded G-invariant minimal hypersurface Σ⊂M provided that the union of non-principal orbits forms a smooth embedded submanifold of M with dimension at most n-2. Moreover, we also build upper bounds as well as lower bounds of (G, p)-widths, which are analogs of the classical conclusions derived by Gromov and Guth. An application of our results combined with the work of Marques–Neves shows the existence of infinitely many G-invariant minimal hypersurfaces when Ric_M>0 and orbits satisfy the same assumption above.

2. The existence of G-invariant constant mean curvature hypersurfaces

   Tongrui Wang, and Zhiang Wu

   Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations, 2022

   Abs arXiv HTML

   In this paper, we consider a closed Riemannian manifold M^n+1 with dimension 3≤n+1≤7, and a compact Lie group G acting as isometries on M with cohomogeneity at least 3. Suppose the union of non-principal orbits M∖M^reg is a smooth embedded submanifold of M with dimension at most n-2. Then for any c∈\mathbbR, we show the existence of a nontrivial, smooth, closed, almost embedded, G-invariant hypersurface Σ^n of constant mean curvature c.

Preprints

2026

1. Rigidity of projective area widths and a weighted Crofton formula on RP^3

   Tongrui Wang

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2609.28310, 2026

   Abs arXiv

   We show that a Riemannian metric on RP^3 is a surface Zoll metric if and only if its four projective area widths are equal. We also establish a weighted Crofton formula on RP^3 under surface Zoll metrics, from which we derive an inequality relating the systole, the volume, and the common value of the projective area widths.

2. Embedded minimal S^1-bundles in \mathbbS^4

   Tongrui Wang

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.31091, 2026

   Abs arXiv

   We construct infinitely many embedded minimal hypersurfaces of pairwise distinct irreducible topological types in the unit 4-sphere \mathbbS^4, which provides a new answer to a problem of Hsiang. These examples are topologically principal S^1-bundles and Seifert fibered manifolds over closed orientable surfaces. In particular, for any closed orientable surface \Sigma_2k-1 of odd genus n=2k-1, we show that S^1\times \Sigma_2k-1 admits a minimal embedding into \mathbbS^4. The construction is based on the equivariant min-max theory and the suspended (weighted) Hopf action on \mathbbS^4.

3. Infinite existence of equivariant minimal hypersurfaces

   Xingzhe Li, and Tongrui Wang

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.13422, 2026

   Abs arXiv

   For a closed Riemannian manifold M with a compact Lie group G acting by isometries, we show that there are infinitely many G-invariant minimal hypersurfaces. Under the assumption that M contains at most a finite number of minimal G-hypersurfaces admitting no G-invariant unit normal, we further show that each G-homology class of M admits infinitely many distinct realizations by embedded minimal G-hypersurfaces. The proof relies on a new algorithm that employs multi-stage maximal cuttings. As part of this work, we also established an equivariant min-max theory in manifolds with cylindrical ends.

4. Equivariant min-max theory and the spherical Bernstein problem in \mathbbS^4

   Tongrui Wang, Zhichao Wang, and Xin Zhou

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.03984, 2026

   Abs arXiv

   We construct an embedded non-equatorial minimal hypersphere in the unit 4-sphere \mathbbS^4, which provides a new resolution of Chern’s spherical Bernstein problem in \mathbbS^4. The construction is based on our equivariant min-max theory for G-invariant minimal hypersurfaces with reduced genus bound, where G is a compact Lie group acting by isometries on a closed Riemannian manifold with 3-dimensional orbit space. This confirms an assertion made by Pitts-Rubinstein in 1986. We also show the regularity for the solutions of the G-equivariant Plateau problem and the G-equivariant isotopy area minimization problem.

5. Multiplicity one for equivariant min-max theory in prescribed homology classes

   Tongrui Wang

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.09884, 2026

   Abs arXiv

   For a closed Riemannian manifold M with a compact Lie group G acting by isometries, we show a generic multiplicity one theorem in equivariant min-max theory, and show in generic sense that there are infinitely many G-invariant minimal hypersurfaces in a fixed G-homology class. We also establish an equivariant min-max theory for G-invariant hypersurfaces of prescribed mean curvature with G-index upper bounds.

2023

1. Improved Hebey-Vaugon conjecture on equivariant Yamabe invariants in dimension 3

   Tongrui Wang, and Xuan Yao

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.13861, 2023

   Abs arXiv

   Consider a closed connected 3-manifold M acted diffeomorphically on by a compact Lie group G with at least one orbit of finite cardinality. We show an upper bound for the G-equivariant Yamabe invariant \sigma_G(M) under certain topological assumptions, which improved a conjecture of Hebey-Vaugon.

Surveys

2023

1. Recent progress on geometric variational theory

   Tongrui Wang, and Xin Zhou

   SCIENTIA SINICA Mathematica, 2023

   Abs HTML

   In this paper, we survey recent progress on the variational theory related to the area functional and the mean curvature. We mainly discuss the Morse theory of minimal hypersurfaces. In particular, we focus on the variational theory for constant mean curvature (CMC) surfaces, the multiplicity one conjecture, generic spatial distributions of minimal hypersurfaces, the variational theory for minimal surfaces with free boundary, and generalizations in the equivariant settings.